The academic study of body temperature began in 1868. Since then, a variety of thermometers have been developed for clinical use. A working knowledge of these different thermometers, the various sites for taking temperature, and the normal range of body temperatures, is essential. As the pathogenesis of fever is being elucidated, and the cytokines involved identified, the risks and benefits of fever to the organism are becoming better understood. The importance of recognising diagnostic fever patterns should be stressed. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) and ibuprofen are accepted as the standard medical treatments for fever.

Following the recommendations of the Advisory Council on AIDS, Hong Kong, the Hospital Authority announced plans to introduce universal antenatal screening for human immunodeficiency virus infection and hence, a consensus conference was held to discuss strategies for implementing such screening in Hong Kong. This paper reports the discussions of the consensus conference. The consensus meeting group consisted of 15 clinicians and scientists from Hong Kong, Macau, and Thailand. Seven commonly asked questions concerning mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus were selected for discussion by the participating panellists. Information on the laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the efficacy of preventive measures in reducing mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus were reviewed. Data from local studies was also presented and discussed. The timing, potential problems, and cost issues involved in testing all pregnant women in Hong Kong for human immunodeficiency virus were then considered.

The policy and practice of Hong Kong private primary care doctors regarding cervical screening were investigated by way of two different questionnaires sent to comparable random survey samples. The overall response rate was 60.8% (313/515). Both sexes of eligible doctors believed that cervical smears were effective and important, but only 40.2% (47/117) of male doctors performed the test compared with 65.5% (19/29) of female doctors. Those doctors who do not perform the test themselves usually refer their patients elsewhere. The small proportion of private doctors offering cervical smears may reduce opportunities for women who need them. Over 80% of private doctors recommended annual smears despite local recommendations for 3-yearly tests, while graduates from western countries were more likely to recommend longer intervals. Since the proportion of women in Hong Kong having Papanicolaou tests is still low, effort should focus on providing smears for more women, rather than repeated annual testing of those who already participate.

Trans-sphenoidal removal of pituitary tumours using the endonasal endoscopic technique, a novel application, is herein reported in five consecutive patients with growth-hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas seen at a teaching hospital in Hong Kong. All five patients demonstrated complete tumour removal on postoperative imaging and hormonal assessment following the procedure. Surgical morbidity and symptoms were minimal; postoperative obstructive nasal packing was not required with this technique, which greatly improved patient comfort. Preliminary experience suggests that the endonasal endoscopic approach is a safe and effective alternative to the conventional trans-septal microscopic method for the treatment of pituitary tumour. A randomised controlled trial comparing these two approaches is currently underway at this institution.

To evaluate the preventive activities offered to the public by private hospitals in Hong Kong, we obtained information from 11 of the 12 private hospitals about their screening programmes and evaluated them against the standards of the Canadian and United States task forces on preventive health care. We found that not all proven preventive activities are being offered, and many unproven or even possibly harmful actions are provided. The services focus on the application of technology rather than on behaviour change and immunisation, which are the most effective preventive strategies. This focus on testing may give the wrong impression to the public and divert effort from these worthwhile actions. A clear guideline focused on Hong Kong epidemiology and health care would be helpful.